在开发iOS应用时,经常需要处理图像识别任务。为了提高模型的准确性和效率,需要对模型的输出进行优化。本文将介绍如何使用非极大值抑制(Non-Maximum Suppression, NMS)算法来减少模型输出中的冗余检测。
非极大值抑制算法是一种常用的图像识别后处理技术,用于消除模型预测结果中的冗余和重叠的检测框。当模型对图像中的每个目标进行独立检测时,可能会产生多个重叠的检测框。NMS算法通过比较这些检测框的置信度,只保留置信度最高的检测框,从而减少冗余。
在iOS应用中实现NMS算法,可以使用Core ML框架。Core ML提供了NMS算法的实现,可以直接在模型中使用。以下是实现NMS算法的基本步骤:
首先,需要定义一个NMS模型。在Core ML中,可以通过定义一个非极大值抑制层来实现。以下是使用Python定义NMS模型的示例代码:
nms_spec = ct.proto.Model_pb2.Model()
nms_spec.specificationVersion = 3
nms = nms_spec.nonMaximumSuppression
nms.confidenceInputFeatureName = "all_scores"
nms.coordinatesInputFeatureName = "all_boxes"
nms.confidenceOutputFeatureName = "scores"
nms.coordinatesOutputFeatureName = "boxes"
nms.iouThresholdInputFeatureName = "iouThreshold"
nms.confidenceThresholdInputFeatureName = "confidenceThreshold"
接下来,需要设置NMS算法的参数,包括置信度阈值和IoU(交并比)阈值。这些参数决定了何时将两个检测框视为冗余。以下是设置NMS参数的示例代码:
nms.iouThreshold = 0.5
nms.confidenceThreshold = 0.4
nms.pickTop.perClass = True
labels = np.loadtxt('./models/coco_names.txt', dtype=str, delimiter='\n')
nms.stringClassLabels.vector.extend(labels)
然后,需要将模型的输出映射到NMS模型的输入。这可以通过序列化和反序列化模型的输出来实现。以下是映射模型输出的示例代码:
for i in range(2):
decoder_output = model_decoder._spec.description.output[i].SerializeToString()
nms_spec.description.input.add()
nms_spec.description.input[i].ParseFromString(decoder_output)
nms_spec.description.output.add()
nms_spec.description.output[i].ParseFromString(decoder_output)
nms_spec.description.output[0].name = 'scores'
nms_spec.description.output[1].name = 'boxes'
output_sizes = [80, 4]
for i in range(2):
ma_type = nms_spec.description.output[i].type.multiArrayType
ma_type.shapeRange.sizeRanges.add()
ma_type.shapeRange.sizeRanges[0].lowerBound = 0
ma_type.shapeRange.sizeRanges[0].upperBound = -1
ma_type.shapeRange.sizeRanges.add()
ma_type.shapeRange.sizeRanges[1].lowerBound = output_sizes[i]
ma_type.shapeRange.sizeRanges[1].upperBound = output_sizes[i]
del ma_type.shape[:]
最后,需要将NMS模型保存为MLModel文件,以便在iOS应用中使用。以下是保存NMS模型的示例代码:
model_nms = ct.models.MLModel(nms_spec)
model_nms.save('./models/yolov2-nms.mlmodel')
在定义了NMS模型之后,可以构建一个模型流水线,将预处理模型、解码模型和NMS模型绑定在一起。以下是构建模型流水线的示例代码:
input_features = [
('input.1', datatypes.Array(1, 1, 1)),
('iouThreshold', datatypes.Double()),
('confidenceThreshold', datatypes.Double())
]
output_features = ['scores', 'boxes']
pipeline = ct.models.pipeline.Pipeline(input_features, output_features)
pipeline.spec.specificationVersion = 3
pipeline.add_model(model_converted)
pipeline.add_model(model_decoder)
pipeline.add_model(model_nms)
pipeline.spec.description.input[0].ParseFromString(model_converted._spec.description.input[0].SerializeToString())
pipeline.spec.description.output[0].ParseFromString(model_nms._spec.description.output[0].SerializeToString())
pipeline.spec.description.output[1].ParseFromString(model_nms._spec.description.output[1].SerializeToString())
model_pipeline = ct.models.MLModel(pipeline.spec)
model_pipeline.save('./models/yolov2-pipeline.mlmodel')
由于流水线返回的数据格式与之前的不同,需要更新annotate_image函数。以下是更新后的annotate_image函数的示例代码:
def annotate_image(image, preds):
annotated_image = copy.deepcopy(image)
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(annotated_image)
w, h = image.size
colors = ['red', 'orange', 'yellow', 'green', 'blue', 'white']
boxes = preds['boxes']
scores = preds['scores']
for i in range(len(scores)):
class_id = int(np.argmax(scores[i]))
score = scores[i, class_id]
xc, yc, w, h = boxes[i]
xc = xc * 416
yc = yc * 416
w = w * 416
h = h * 416
x0 = xc - (w / 2)
y0 = yc - (h / 2)
label = labels[class_id]
color = ImageColor.colormap[colors[class_id % len(colors)]]
draw.rectangle([(x0, y0), (x0 + w, y0 + h)], width=2, outline=color)
draw.text((x0 + 5, y0 + 5), "{} {:0.2f}".format(label, score), fill=color)
return annotated_image
image = load_and_scale_image('https://c2.staticflickr.com/4/3393/3436245648_c4f76c0a80_o.jpg')
preds = model_pipeline.predict(data={'input.1': image})
annotate_image(image, preds)