在科学研究和工程实践中,经常需要根据观测数据来估计某些未知参数。非线性函数的参数估计是一个常见的问题,本文将介绍如何使用高斯-牛顿算法来解决这个问题。高斯-牛顿算法是一种迭代优化算法,广泛应用于非线性最小二乘问题。
高斯-牛顿算法的基本思想是通过迭代过程,逐步逼近参数的真实值。算法的步骤如下:
高斯-牛顿算法的关键在于雅可比矩阵的构建和参数更新公式的推导。雅可比矩阵描述了残差对参数的局部线性关系,而参数更新公式则利用了这种关系来调整参数估计值。
在实际编程实现中,需要定义一些函数来完成上述步骤。以下是使用Java语言实现高斯-牛顿算法的示例代码:
public class GaussNewton {
public double[][] calculateResiduals(double[][] x, double[] y, double[] b) {
double[][] res = new double[y.length][1];
for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
res[i][0] = findY(x[i][0], b) - y[i];
}
return res;
}
public abstract double findY(double x, double[] b);
public double[][] jacob(double[] b, double[][] x, int numberOfObservations) {
int numberOfVariables = b.length;
double[][] jc = new double[numberOfObservations][numberOfVariables];
for (int i = 0; i < numberOfObservations; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < numberOfVariables; j++) {
jc[i][j] = derivative(x[i][0], b, j);
}
}
return jc;
}
public double derivative(double x, double[] b, int bIndex) {
double[] bCopy = b.clone();
bCopy[bIndex] += alpha;
double y1 = findY(x, bCopy);
bCopy = b.clone();
bCopy[bIndex] -= alpha;
double y2 = findY(x, bCopy);
return (y1 - y2) / (2 * alpha);
}
public double[][] transjacob(double[][] JArray, double[][] res) throws NoSquareException {
Matrix r = new Matrix(res);
Matrix J = new Matrix(JArray);
Matrix JT = MatrixMathematics.transpose(J);
Matrix JTJ = MatrixMathematics.multiply(JT, J);
Matrix JTJ_1 = MatrixMathematics.inverse(JTJ);
Matrix JTJ_1JT = MatrixMathematics.multiply(JTJ_1, JT);
Matrix JTJ_1JTr = MatrixMathematics.multiply(JTJ_1JT, r);
return JTJ_1JTr.getValues();
}
public double[] optimise(double[][] x, double[] y, double[] b) throws NoSquareException {
int maxIteration = 1000;
double oldError = 100;
double precision = 1e-6;
double[] b2 = b.clone();
double gamma = .01;
for (int i = 0; i < maxIteration; i++) {
double[][] res = calculateResiduals(x, y, b2);
double error = calculateError(res);
if (Math.abs(oldError - error) <= precision) {
break;
}
oldError = error;
double[][] jacobs = jacob(b2, x, y.length);
double[][] values = transjacob(jacobs, res);
IntStream.range(0, values.length).forEach(j -> b2[j] = b2[j] - gamma * values[j][0]);
}
return b2;
}
}
在上述代码中,定义了计算残差、雅可比矩阵、偏导数和参数更新的函数。这些函数共同实现了高斯-牛顿算法的核心逻辑。
为了验证算法的正确性,可以使用一组已知的观测数据来测试算法。以下是使用Java语言编写的测试用例:
@Test
public void optimiseWithInitialValueOf1() throws NoSquareException {
double[][] x = new double[7][1];
x[0][0] = 0.038;
x[1][0] = 0.194;
x[2][0] = 0.425;
x[3][0] = 0.626;
x[4][0] = 1.253;
x[5][0] = 2.500;
x[6][0] = 3.740;
double[] y = new double[] {0.050, 0.127, 0.094, 0.2122, 0.2729, 0.2665, 0.3317};
GaussNewton gaussNewton = new GaussNewton() {
@Override
public double findY(double x, double[] b) {
return (x * b[0]) / (b[1] + x);
}
};
double[] b = gaussNewton.optimise(x, y, new double[] {1.0, 1.0});
Assert.assertArrayEquals(new double[]{0.36, 0.56}, b, 0.01);
}